Understanding Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder

The term passive-aggressive is used to describe behavior that expresses defiance or hostility indirectly, rather than openly. These behaviors can include deliberately forgetting or procrastinating, complaining about a lack of appreciation, and a sullen demeanor. Passive-aggressive personality disorder (also called negativistic personality disorder) was first officially described by the U.S. War Department in 1945. Over the years, the associated symptoms changed; later, passive-aggressiveness was declassified as a formal diagnosis. Key Takeaways The term passive-aggressive refers to behavior that expresses defiance or hostility indirectly, rather than openly.The term passive-aggressive was first officially documented in a 1945 U.S. War Department bulletin.Passive-aggressive personality disorder is no longer classified as a diagnosable disorder, but is still considered relevant in the field of psychology. Origins and History The first official documentation of passive-aggressive personality disorder was in a technical bulletin issued in 1945 by the U.S. War Department. In the bulletin, Colonel William Menninger described soldiers who refused to comply with orders. Instead of outwardly expressing their defiance, however, the soldiers behaved in a passively aggressive manner. For instance, according to the bulletin, they would pout, procrastinate, or otherwise behave stubbornly or inefficiently. When the American Psychiatric Association prepared the first edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the association incorporated many phrases from the bulletin to describe the disorder. Some later editions of the manual also listed passive-aggressiveness as a personality disorder. However, by the time the third edition of the manual was released, the disorder had become controversial, as some psychologists believed that passive-aggressive behavior was a response to specific situations rather than being itself a broad personality disorder. Subsequent editions and revisions of the DSM expanded and changed the diagnostic requirements for passive-aggressive personality disorder, including symptoms like irritability and sulking. In the fourth edition of the manual published in 1994, the DSM-IV, passive-aggressive personality disorder was renamed â€Å"negativistic† personality disorder, which was thought to more clearly delineate the underlying causes of passive-aggressiveness. The disorder was also moved to the appendix, indicating the need for further study before it could be listed as an official diagnosis. In the DSM-V, released in 2013, passive-aggressiveness was listed under â€Å"Personality Disorder – Trait Specified,† emphasizing that passive-aggressiveness is a personality trait rather than a specific personality disorder. Theories on Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder Joseph McCann’s 1988 review on passive-aggressive disorder lists a number of potential causes of passive-aggressive personality disorder, divided into five distinct approaches. However, McCann noted that many of the writings are speculative; not all of them are necessarily backed by research. Psychoanalytic. This approach has roots in Sigmund Freud’s work and emphasizes the role of the unconscious in psychology. For example, one psychoanalytic view suggests that when individuals exhibit passive-aggressive behavior, they are attempting to reconcile their need to be seen as agreeable by others with their desire to express a negative attitude.Behavioral. This approach emphasizes observable and quantifiable behaviors. The behavioral approach suggests that passive-aggressive behavior occurs when someone has not learned how to assert themselves, feels anxiety about asserting themselves, or fears a negative response to their assertive behavior.  Interpersonal. This approach emphasizes the associations between two or more people. One interpersonal approach suggests that passive-aggressive people may be both quarrelsome and submissive in their relationships with other people.Social. This approach emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing human behavior. One so cial approach suggests that contradictory messages from family members during someone’s upbringing can cause that person to be more â€Å"on guard† later in life.Biological. This approach emphasizes the role of biological factors in contributing to passive-aggressive behavior. One biological approach suggests that there may be specific genetic factors that would cause someone to have erratic moods and irritable behaviors, as may be seen in passive-aggressive personality disorder. (At the time of McCanns review, there was no research to solidify this hypothesis.) Sources Beck AT, Davis DD, Freeman, A. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. 3rd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2015.Grohol, JM. DSM-5 change: Personality disorders (Axis II). PsychCentral website. https://pro.psychcentral.com/dsm-5-changes-personality-disorders-axis-ii/. 2013.Hopwood, CJ et al. The construct validity of passive-aggressive personality disorder. Psychiatry, 2009; 72(3): 256-267.Lane, C. The surprising history of passive-aggressive personality disorder. Theory Psychol, 2009; 19(1).McCann, JT. Passive-aggressive personality disorder: A review. J Pers Disord, 1988; 2(2), 170-179.

My Personal Experience Of The Nursing Experience In Nursing

Having worked as a CNA under the supervision of a nurse for six years in a nursing home, I thought I was well prepared to become a great nurse. I did not know that other than learning sciences and medical procedures there was still more required of me to be a great nurse. At the commencement of the semester, I signed up for the HPR class as a prerequisite for the nursing program. However, I had no clue of what I was expected to learn on the subject. In the last few months, I have learned a lot in regards to professionalism in the workplace, professional nurse attributes and responsibilities, and the quality and safety initiative currently in place in nursing practice which will be the key in a more favorable outcome and higher satisfaction†¦show more content†¦The primary goal of the health professionals while dealing with workplace conflict should be to find a high quality, mutually acceptable solution. Nurses should put in mind that the ultimate goal is to deliver high-qua lity patient-centered care regardless the fact that they may not like each other. When dealing with a nurse-client relationship, clear, direct communication is necessary to resolve a conflict for efficient care provision and reception of quality care. A nurse should respond in a calm way when conflict arises because some clients approach their initial encounter with verbal hostility or even physical aggression. By doing so, it avoids escalation of the situation and helps maintain safety for the client and the nurse. Proper communication skills both written and oral help conveys accurate information to prevent medical errors and provide awareness of ones role and responsibility. Nurses have a responsibility to practice collaboratively hence communication skills are crucial to efficient health care team function. PROFESSIONAL NURSE ATTRIBUTES AND RESPONSIBILITY A nurse’s overall, treatment goals should always function as the principal guiding force in the team conversations, and mutual respect in nursing is essential. Since the patient-nurse relationship is the foundation of nursingShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Experience : My Experience In Nursing School1068 Words   |  5 Pagesreally can not understand how we made it through that time in our life. My hardest time would have been the period when I was in nursing school for me. So let us start from the beginning so you may have the view that I had, not so many years ago.      Ã‚   In 2013 I was attending Walter State in the pre-nursing program, upon applying for the nursing program there I was told that they did not believe it was a good idea I attended nursing school at this time due to having 4 children at home and living 1.5 hoursRead MorePersonal Experience: Getting My Nursing Certificate768 Words   |  3 Pagesdepending on the situation. 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Relationships in Little Women and Cats in the Cradle Free Essays

Relationships in Little Women and Cats in the Cradle Relationships can be positive or negative. Varied perceptions define the nature of relationships as positive or negative. The effects of positive and negative relationships have lasting consequences on individuals; having both a positive and negative aspect in each relationship assists humankind but negative relationships is the build up of decisions and actions that have negative impacts. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships in Little Women and Cats in the Cradle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Loyalty is one of the fundamental traits that are present in a positive relationship. However, little loyalty can lead to deterioration in a person’s quality of life, happiness and connection with the people involved in that relationship. The relationships in ‘Little Women’ by Louisa May Alcott and ‘Cats in the Cradle’ by Harry Chapin shows many different views of positive and negative relationships. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. Having both a positive and negative aspect in each relationship assists humankind to develop, learn, be happy and survive. Positive relationships are evident in ‘Little Women’ by Louisa May Alcott as well as negative relationships throughout the March family – this shows that they are not a perfect family and even though Little Women is set in the 1860’s, families today can relate to the relationship shown between the March family, especially the relationship Meg, Jo, Amy and Beth have with each other. They fight, love, care and help each other and through tough times, they always forgive each other. Here is a quote from ‘Little Women’ by Louisa May Alcott, â€Å"My dear, don’t let the sun go down upon your anger; forgive each other, help each other, and begin again to-morrow. † – Marmee to Jo, Chapter 8, Page 76. This quote shows endearment, â€Å"My dear,† demonstrates the positive relationship that Mrs March has with Jo and the love that they share for each other. This quote simply implies that we should not let our fury or hatred live on even during our slumber. As much as possible, we must resolve our problems and reconcile. We should build each other in trust rather than destroy each other to strengthen bonds whether it may be in filial, romantic, or friendly relationships. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. Relationships can be negative at times and if these negative relationships are not resolved, it can impact all individuals involved for a long period of time. Negative relationships do not necessarily occur because of one poor influential mistake – it is the build up of decisions and actions that can have a negative impact and create a negative relationship between the interactions of two people. An example of a negative relationship is evident in ‘Cats in the Cradle’ by Harry Chapin between the father and his son. Here is a quote from ‘Cats in the Cradle’ by Harry Chapin, â€Å"And as I hung up the phone it occurred to me, he’d grown up just like me, my boy was just like me. † This quote shows irony. It is ironic that the son becomes like his father, in a different way than expected. It was expected that the son would want to be like the father in a career sense and this demonstrates the negative relationship that the father has with his son – not in a sense that they despise each other but putting off seeing and talking to each other creates a negative impacts throughout their relationship. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. Loyalty is one of the fundamental traits that are present in a positive relationship. Without loyalty doubts of trust and lack of respect begin to come to the fore and relationships begin to crumble. Within the relationship of Mr and Mrs March, loyalty is the most important factor of the relationship. Here is a quote from ‘Little Women’ by Louisa May Alcott, â€Å"That is the secret of our home happiness. He does not let business wean him from the little cares and duties that affect us all, and I try not to let domestic worries destroy my interest in his pursuits. Each do our part alone in many things, but at home we work together, always. – Marmee to Meg, Chapter 38, Page 392. This quote shows a back-story of Mr and Mrs March’s life – that they were not always like this and had the same problems that Meg has starting out married life, especially with children. This adds meaning to their current circumstances and if they did not find a way to work together and be together as much as possible, problems would have occurred but because of the above quote, Mr and Mrs March show loyalty to each other and create a positive relationships not only for themselves but also for others around them. Mrs. March suggests that the domestic sphere is a joint effort – husband and wife work together to create a home, instead of every aspect of it being the wife’s responsibility. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. Within every relationship some form of loyalty will be present that contributes to the positive relationship. However, little loyalty can lead to deterioration in a person’s quality of life, happiness and connection with the people involved in that relationship. Cats in the Cradle’ introduces the subject matter indicating the troublesome relationship shared between father and son, â€Å"My child arrived just the other day, he came to the world in the usual way. † The quote is a metaphor for the birth of his son. It is an emotionless way to describe the birth of his son. This metaphor gives an initial indication of an absent relationship between the father and son. It is clear that althoug h the father provides the necessities for the child, his career driven lifestyle restrains him from spending quality time with his son. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. To sum up, varied perceptions define the nature of relationships as positive or negative. Mention topic sentences. The relationships in ‘Little Women’ by Louisa May Alcott and ‘Cats in the Cradle’ by Harry Chapin shows many different views of positive and negative relationships. The statement, relationships can be positive or negative, is true but positive and negative relationships coexist. How to cite Relationships in Little Women and Cats in the Cradle, Essay examples

The Negative Effects of Chewing Tobacco free essay sample

Every year in America, there are approximately 146,023 people who chew tobacco that end up with cancer, according to mylastdip. com, a website committed to informing people of chewing tobacco. Those cancers include lip, mouth, throat, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, lung, trachea, and lastly, cancer of the bronchus. Chewing tobacco, also known as smokeless tobacco, is a term used to describe tobacco that is not burned or smoked. â€Å"Chewing tobacco is cut-leaf tobacco that must be chewed in order to get the flavor and nicotine. Chewing tobacco is sold loose in foil pouches or as plugs or twists,† says a reporter from mylastdip. com. Chewing tobacco includes the following ingredients: Nicotine — addictive drug, insecticide Formaldehyde — embalming fluid Polonium 210 — nuclear waste Lead — nerve poison Hydrocarbons — car exhaust Cadmium — battery chemical Coumarin — a rat poison These all are harmful to the human body and There are two types of chewing tobacco, snuff and snus. Snuff is a finely grounded tobacco that is placed in the mouth between the cheek and the gum. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Chewing Tobacco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Snus is a tobacco powder that is moist and is placed on the upper or lower lip. Both snuff and snus are placed in the mouth. â€Å"Smokeless tobacco has been around for over four hundred years, and was first used by American Indians and was used as a medicine for sickness’, such as a headache or cough,† reported www. tobacco. com. â€Å"By the early 1700’s, chewing tobacco had been growing all over the world, especially in the Americas. † By the 1800’s, smokeless tobacco was the most used form of tobacco used in America, until the 1900’s when the mass production of cigarettes came around. Who uses tobacco? It’s a reported 3. 3% (8. 6 million) of people in the United States aged twelve and older use smokeless tobacco. There is an estimated 8% of American high school students that use smokeless tobacco. More men use smokeless tobacco than women. â€Å"Smokeless tobacco use is highest among young white males, American Indians/Alaskan Natives, people living in rural areas, and people living in the southern and north central states,† reported from cancer. gov. When I asked a sixty year old former smokeless tobacco user how old he was when he he took his first â€Å"dip† (the act in which you put chewing tobacco in your mouth) he replied, â€Å"I was about sixteen years old. I only chewed for around four years. † I then asked him how he quit after four years. His reply, â€Å"I swallowed so much of the sh*t it made me sick. † Overall, chewing tobacco has effected over 100,000 people in the United States and has given them cancer. No matter where the smokeless tobacco is placed on the body, it can cause cancer on any part of the body. Most of all, it doesn’t matter your age, race or even color of hair, tobacco is highly addictive to everyone. Anyone can become addicted, don’t be the next.